The film industry- Hollywood

The film industry- Hollywood
Hollywood- The word is a mentonym (a word, name, or expression which is used as a substitute for something else with which is closely associated).
-Hollywood located in Southern California, where the first major film studio was set up 100 years ago.
-Despite having many offices, the filmmaking is a now a global enterprise, but Hollywood is still a synonymous with American filmmaking.

 How did Hollywood become powerful?
-Film was invented in France, but the Hollywood studios started to become all powerful by the 1920s
-The studios built up their power by following what is called 'Fordist' economic model and establishing a system of vertical integration.

Fordist economic model- Named after Henry Ford
-Efficient way of producing goods e.g. cars
-Standardising the product
-Assembly line production

Vertical integration- Refers to companies controlling all the means of production, distribution, and consumption.
-This means that a company handles all stages of production without any help from other firms.

 The big 5 studios (were vertically integrated)
-20th century fox
-RKO
-Paramount
-Warner Brothers
-MGM

Antitrust laws-
-In the late 1940s the US government brought an end to vertical integration system and forced the studios to sell of their cinemas.

Hollywood now- the big 6 (Sony, Universal, Paramount, 20th century fox, Warner Brothers, and Disney) which is part of a conglomerate.

Package production👷- In contemporary Hollywood, individual, independent production companies put together a production- the studios will then 'buy into' the film, offering money in exchange for distribution rights and possibly leasing out facilities (the studio in which to film).

 Task-
Beauty and the Beast – £67 million (Disney)   67+50+39+30=186 million
Dunkirk – £56 million (Warner Brothers)  56+31=81 million
Star Wars: The Last Jedi – £50 million (Disney)
Despicable Me 3 – £46 million (UPI) 28+46=74 million
Guardians of the Galaxy 2 – £39 million (Disney)
It – £31 million (Warner Brothers)
Paddington 2 – £31 million (Studiocanal)other 29+31=60 million
Thor: Ragnarok – £30 million (Disney)
Spider-Man: Homecoming – £29 million (Sony)
The Fate of the Furious – £28 million (UPI)


Production companies (standardising the product)
Legendary pictures-
-Kong-Skull Land
-Jurassic world
-Straight outa compton

BlumHouse Production-
-Paranormal Activity
-Insidious
-Get out
-The purge

How much do films cost?-
-Flim cost average $60-100 million
-Could be spent on= set designs, costumes, make up, money to pay the casts, music, VFX, lighting, story rights, producer +director fees, music rights etc.
-Films stars can cost so much as, the audience might want a specific A-list celebrity which can be due to their personality and role which is favoured in society.

Distribution-
-Distributors will acquire a film for a fee and gain the rights to sell it (normally on all platforms)*
A % of box office will go back to producers (after they get back all the money they spend)
They will pay for the marketing of the film.

-This marketing budget can vary massively. The last Transformers film cost $210m to make and $200m to market. Low budget horror films like The Purge were cheap to make (under $5m) but costly to market (more than $20m)
*Cinema, DVD/BR, VOD, Pay TV, Free TV

TV Spend-
-The biggest cost in distributing a film, but thought to be the most effective.
-A 30 second commercial on a big TV show like The Walking Dead can cost $300,000 or more. For a big sports game it can be double that.
-In the UK a 30 second commercial at peak time can be between £10,000 - £30,000








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