Effects and cultivation theory (Audience effects theories)- History- -Media has been criticised since the rise of mass media, and particularly of television, from around the 1950s. -When media studies first started as a 'serious' discipline in the 1960s, the focus was mainly the effects that the media had on the audience. -This approach was saw the audience as a passive mass = being brainwashed by the messages that flooded them from TV, newspapers, films, and radio etc. Effects theory and hypodermic needle- -In effect theory, the media are powerful, negative forces who control the masses. -The media is seen as a hypodermic needle, injecting our helpless minds with messages which we take on board fully. -This theory was carried out by Bandura in 1961. Bandura's study- -Bandura's study used a toy called a 'Bobo doll' , which measured behaviours of children who watched a model beating up the doll. -The model was either punished, and Bandura noted that children woul...